⚖️PRACTICES

“DEFENDING YOUR RIGHTS”

🏛️SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

  • Date of Establishment: 28th January, 1950
  • First Sitting: Chamber of Princes, Old Parliament House, New Delhi
  • Replaced: Federal Court of India & Privy Council
Composition & Appointment
  • Chief Justice of India (CJI) & up to 33 Judges
  • Appointed by President on Collegium’s recommendation
  • Term: Until age 65
Jurisdiction
  • Original: Inter-state & Gov-Centre disputes
  • Appellate: Final appeal in civil, criminal, constitutional matters
  • Advisory: On President’s query (Article 143)
  • Review: May review its own judgements
  • Writ: Enforce Fundamental Rights (Article 32)
Role & Significance
  • Guardian of Constitution (Judicial Review)
  • Protector of Fundamental Rights (Direct Approach under Article 32)
  • Ensures checks and balances between Legislature, Executive & Judiciary
Other Features
  • Proceedings in English
  • Decisions binding on all courts (Article 141)

🏢 DELHI HIGH COURT

  • Established: 31st October, 1966
  • Created via: Delhi High Court Act, 1966
Historical Background
  • Pre-1947: Under Lahore High Court (1919)
  • Post-1947: High Court of East Punjab, Shimla
  • Operated via Circuit Bench in Delhi, shifted fully by 1966
Jurisdiction & Judges
  • Initially had jurisdiction over Delhi, Himachal Pradesh
  • Chief Justice: K.S. Hegde
  • Puisne Judges: I.D. Dua, H.R. Khanna, S.K. Kapur
  • Present: 45 Permanent + 15 Additional Judges

📜 CALCUTTA HIGH COURT

  • Similar establishment day & legacy as Supreme Court (1950)
  • Composed of CJI and Judges (appointed by President)
  • Judges serve until 65 years
Jurisdiction & Powers
  • Original: Inter-state/central disputes
  • Appellate: Highest civil/criminal/constitutional appeals in East
  • Can issue writs for Fundamental Rights
Significance
  • Enforces judicial review, protects rights, checks government action
  • All proceedings in English
  • Decisions binding on subordinate courts

🏛️ PATNA HIGH COURT

  • Genesis: Bihar/Orissa separated from Bengal – 1912
  • Foundation: 1 Dec 1913 by Lord Hardinge; Inauguration: Feb 1916
  • First Chief Justice: Sir Edward Chamier
Growth & Judgeships
  • Started: 1 C.J. + 6 Judges
  • Now: 29 permanent, 14 additional Judges
  • Supervises 37 judgeships in Bihar
Constitutional Roles
  • Issues writs for rights (Art. 226)
  • Controls subordinate judiciary

🗃️ DISTRICT & SUBORDINATE COURTS

Delhi District Courts

  • Tis Hazari Complex (Central, West)
  • Karkardooma (East, North-East, Shahdara)
  • Patiala House (New Delhi)
  • Rohini (North, North-West)
  • Dwarka (South-West)
  • Saket (South-East, South)
  • Rouse Avenue (Special matters)

Patna District Courts

  • Principal District & Sessions Judge Court
  • Sub-divisional Courts:
    Patna Sadar, Patna City, Danapur, Masaurhi, Barh, Gaya, Darbhanga, Katihar, Arra, Gopalganj, Bhagalpur

Calcutta District Courts

  • City Civil, City Sessions (Bankshall)
  • Alipore, Barasat, Sealdah
  • Sub-divisional and Consumer Courts
  • Other districts: Hooghly, Howrah, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling, Small Causes, Kalimpong, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Purulia, South Dinajpur, etc.

🏢 TRIBUNALS & SPECIAL COMMISSIONS

👨‍⚖️ Central Admin. Tribunal (CAT)

Resolves service matters for central govt. employees—set up under Admin. Tribunals Act (1985) for fast, affordable solutions.

🛡️ NCDRC

National apex commission for consumer issues. Jurisdiction: disputes over ₹10 crore. Hears appeals from state commissions.

🚄 Railway Claims Tribunal

Handles claims on railway losses, damages, or non-delivery. Also manages refunds and compensation disputes under Railways Act.

🏠 Bihar State Housing Board (BSHB)

Statutory body for affordable housing and urban development since 1972, focusing on low-income groups and urban planning.

💰 DRT & DRAT

Specialised tribunals for recovery of debts above ₹20 lakh. Empowered with strong recovery, arrest, and attachment powers. Appeals go to DRAT.

🌱 Bihar Land Tribunal

Fast-track justice in land disputes, vital for land reforms and safeguarding weaker, underprivileged sections. Under Bihar Land Tribunal Act, 2009.

👥 BSCDRC / District Consumer Commission

State and District-level consumer dispute commissions: dispose appeals, original cases, and promote consumer protection and quick redressal.

🏢 Real Estate Appellate Tribunal (REAT)

Appellate body under RERA Act. Hears challenges to decisions by Real Estate Authority or Adjudicating Officer in real estate sector.

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